To be honest I haven't thought of a name for this one yet

Orthography

The pronounciation of letters is largely identical to that in English, with only a few exceptions:

-          a = /a/

-          e = /ɛ/

-          i = /i/

-          o = /ɔ/

-          u = /u/ (/w/ after vowels)

-          w = /ɥ/

-          ủ = /y/

-          ả = /æ/

-          h = /x/

-          ģ = /ɣ/

-          c = /ʧ/

-          x = /ʃ/

-          j = /ʒ/

-          v = /β/

Noun cases and uses

Nouns take four cases, which can change their uses depending on the type of noun. In declension tables they are numbered as according to below:

-          1) Nominative – the subject and dictionary form

-          2) Imperfective/oblique proximal – the direct and indirect object (see below for the full use of the oblique form), in this form used with many nouns to signify a nearby object to the speaker, often equated to “this” in English. However for the set of mass nouns (see below), this occpuies both proximal and distant roles, and makes the verb imperfective

-          3) Perfective/oblique distant – Refers to direct/indirect object distant to the speaker or more relevant to the person being addressed, often translated as “that”. With mass nouns makes perfective verbs

-          4) Ablative – “from” a noun, sometimes also means “of” or “for” with certain postpositions

The oblique case is used with both the direct and indirect object – however, when the indirect object comes without a postposition it generally means the equivalent of the dative – that is, “to” or “by” the noun. With intransitive verbs the direct object in the oblique forms this too.

The proximal-distant rule does not apply to a certain group of nouns known as “mass nouns”. These are roughly equivalent to collective nouns in English, but also any noun that can be seen to be easily subdivided (as well as a few others formed from ordinary nouns, often marked with the prefix “to-“). The imperfective form with these, usually with prepositions in the unmarked predicate (“to be”, which is omitted in the present tense), can also mean a sort of temporary formation of a group – e.g. “togri doy” (“we are an expedition”) (perf) vs. “togru doy” (“we are part of an expedition”) (imperf)

The imperfective form refers to a continuous verb (“to be –ing” in English), while the perfective verb refers to a complete action.

Sentence structures

Due to declension, word order is very flexible and can be used to indicate a number of themes or ideas. For example, although the standard order is SOV, with the interrogative (questioning verb form) the OSV order is often used to show the idea of “can”:

-          Lảyar doym? – Will/are you taking us there?

-          Doym lảyar? – Can you take us there?

Although the standard is SOV, the indirect object usually comes after the verb, followed by the postposition.

Declension patterns

There are four patterns for noun declension:

-          “u” ending after vowel (“krau”, mountain)

-          “u” ending (“sudu”, horse)

-          Standard consonant ending (“dan”, brother)

-          “-b, -p, -m, -v” ending (“anab”, island)

	U post-vowel		U post-consonant		Consonant		-b,p,m,v
	Sing	Plu	Sing	Plu	Sing	Plu	Sing	Plu
1	-u	-m	-u	-ảm	-	-ảm	-/	-/a
2	-un	-um	-un	-um	-u	-um	-n	-u
3	-y	-yu	-i	-ủ	-i	-ảk	-y	-k
4	-us	-uda	-us	-ud	-s*	-ảd	-s	-da

*After “s/z”, this becomes “x”

Verb conjugations

Most verbs have two forms, the specific and inspecific forms. The specific form deals with an object that was previously mentioned or is implied to be known or immediately near – sometimes, however, this can be the indirect object, e.g.:

-          Laya – to take someone there

-          Dlaya – to take someone somewhere (inspecific)

All verbs take the infinitive ending “-ya” and are conjugated thus:

	Indicative		Interrogative		Conditional
	Present	Past	Present	Past	Present	Past
1st sing	Lảk	Lảkt	Lảyak	Lảyuk	Lảkis	Lảkib
2nd sing	Lảr	Lảrh	Lảyar	Lảyur	Lảris	Lảrib
3rd sing	Lảm	Lảmh	Lảyam	Lảyum	Lảmis	Lảmib
1st plu	Lảku	Lảkuy	Lảyaku	Lảyuku	Lảkus	Lảkin
2nd plu	Lảru	Lảruy	Lảyaru	Lảyuru	Lảrus	Lảrin
3rd plu	Lảmu	Lảmuy	Lảyamu	Lảyumu	Lảmus	Lảmin

Verb extensions

Many verbs take prefixes – most predominantly, “nu-“, “anu-“ or “an-“, which means “will soon” with the present and “will in the general future” with the past. 

This same process is often applied with adverbs – particularly “ay-“, whose meaning can vary depending on the verb, e.g. with the verb “ziya” (to run to somewhere), “ayziya” means “to run quickly”.

To say something is more of a quality than something else, the postposition “du” is used after the lesser noun, e.g. “ayzik adnom du” – “I run quicker than them”.

Noun extensions

“To-“ is often added to the start of nouns to show “a mass of”, something that can be partitioned further. For example:

-          Keva – coffee

-          Tokeva (sometimes “tokva”) – a mass of coffee, a lot of coffee (sometimes used in this sense)

In many cases, possessive endings are also applied to certain nouns, particularly those about relatives. For example:

-          Dan – brother

-          Dankru – my brother

-          Danju – your brother

-          Danvu – his/her/their brother

Several inanimate items, or species of animal (e.g. “brown bear”) take colours as compounded suffixes.

Adjectives & adverbs

Most adjectives end in “-az” in their nominative singular declension and are declined like so:

	Singular	Plural
1	-az	-ans
2,3,4	-al	-alm*

*although sometimes this is also “-ans”

Adverbs, when not compounded into verbs, are shown by ending “-aza”.

Subjunctives

For subordinate clauses, such as subjunctives, the verb takes a normal form, with the object taking the postposition “at”. “At” also means “who” in the nominative position. For example:

-          I knew the girl who walked down the hall/walking down the hall

Translates to:

-          Know.1stsing.past girl.obldist, walk.3rdsing.past hall.oblprox on who

-          Olkt ari, mamh entay uy at

Pronouns

	I	You (sing)/it	He	She	We (incl)	We(excl)	You(pl)/those	They
1	Ob	On	Ak	Ar	Day	Doy	Uvon	Adon
2	Bin	Onu	Ank	Arn	Dam	Doym	Uvnom	Adnom
3	Biy	Oni	Ay	Arey	Dayu	Doyh	Uvnik	Adnik
4	Os	Ons	As	Aris	Dayd	Doyd	Uvins	Adins

Excl – excluding the person being addressed, only used in polite or unfamiliar speech anymore

Postpositions & interrogative uses

Postpositions are the equivalent of prepositions, but come after the noun.

-          Uy – on (sometimes “down to”, “along”)

-          Ma – of (sometimes “for”)

-          Si – for

-          Uti – towards (generally unused, mostly means “where” with the interrogative verb form)

Azu - under

Izu - over

Tak - near