Bargazian language (2nd attempt)

1: Orthography

Latin	Cyrillic	IPA	Latin	Cyrillic	IPA	Latin	Cyrillic	IPA
A a	А а	/a/	J j	Й й	/j/	U u	У у	/ɯ/
B b	Б б	/b/	K k	К к	/k/	H h	Х х	/x/
V v	В в	/v/	L l	Л л	/l/	Cs cs	Ц ц	/ʨ/*
G g	Г г	/g/	M m	М м	/m/	Cz cz	Џ џ	/ʤ/
D d	Д д	/d/	N n	Н н	/n/	C c	Ч ч	/ʧ/
E e	Е е	/ɛ/	O o	О о	/o/	Ś ś	Ш ш	/ɕ/*
Jo jo	Ё ё	/jo/	P p	П п	/p/	Cź cź	Щ щ	/ʥ/*
Ź ź	Ж ж	/ʑ/*	R r	Р р	/r/	Y y	Ь ь	/ɨ/
Z z	З з	/z/	S s	С с	/s/	Ju ju	Я я	/jɯ/
I i	И и	/i/	T t	Т т	/t/	Ja ja	Ю ю	/ja/

*/ʑ/, /ɕ/, /ʥ/, /ʨ/ can also be pronounced as /ʃʰ/, /ʒʰ/, /ʤʰ/, /ʧʰ/

2: Nouns, pronouns and articles

2.1: Nouns

2.1.1: Noun classes

All nouns belong to four different classes:

-           Animate

·         Masculine : Animate nouns that are considered to be of the masculine gender

·         Feminine: Animate nouns that are considered to be of the feminine gender (always ending in “a” in the nominative singular)

-          Inanimate

·         Neuter: Inanimate nouns, or some animate nouns

·         Irregular: Any noun that does not fit into the above classes. These include:

o   Concept nouns – i.e. “the purity” or “the infinity” (these usually end in “-iaj” or “-jaj”

o   Nouns composed of smaller objects, or usually appearing as plurals (i.e. “a pair of shoes” or countries

o   Nouns consisting of various animate objects, such as countries (with a few exceptions, such as the name for Bargazia, "Bogacse", which is masculine)

2.1.2: Noun cases

Bargazian nouns can be declined into three cases – nominative (subject), accusative (object), and a ‘third case’ that encompasses both the genitive and dative – in animate nouns it takes the function of the genitive (to show possession), while in inanimate nouns it takes the function of the dative (to show the indirect object).

2.1.3: Masculine and feminine declension

Masculine example: Ges (Гес) = horse, stallion

Feminine example: Nyma (Ньма) = home

	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Ges Гес	Gesi Геси	Nyma Ньма	Nyme Ньме
Accusative	Gese Гесе	Gesej Гесей	Nyma Ньма	Nyme Ньме
Genitive	Gesa Геса	Gesaj Гесай	Nymo Ньмо	Nyman Ньман

2.1.4: Neuter and irregular declension

Neuter example: Napocz (Напоџ) = pencil

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Напоџ Napocz	Напоџе Napocze
Accusative	Напоџо Napoczo	Напоџа Napocza
Genitive	Напоџе Napocze	Напоџин Napoczin

Irregular nouns are not themselves declined, but an article before them – “це” (“cse”) - is used instead.

Example: Napocźejaj (Напощеяй) = illustration, design

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Це Cse	Цей Csej
Accusative	Цо Cso	Ци Csi
Genitive	Цей Csej	Цен Csen

With "cse", the adjectives come directly before the noun but follow the article.

2.1.5: Noun compounding

In Bargazian, nouns can be compounded together with a range of suffixes and prefixes. Here is a list of particularly common ones and their English equivalents:

·         На- = -er (“maker”, “worker”)

·         -яй or –иай after some consonants = -tion

·         -ином = -ism

·         -инт = -ist

·         Ара- = anti-

·         Ам- = un- or de-

 Examples of large compounded words include:

·         De-russification of East Germany = Un-east-German-Russia-tion = Амургарманьпоснияй (Amurgarmanyrosnijaj)

·         Creation of a Polish state between the Oder and Vistula Rivers = Oder-Vistula-by-Polish-nation-new-tion = Одривистулмиполидажзанияй (Odrivistulmipolidaźzanijaj)

2.1.6: Dictionary of common words

А

-          Ангдаужа (i) – England

-          Англащи (adj) – English

-          Ачида (m) – northeast

-          Ачиёш (m) – southeast

-          Ачни (adj) – eastern, easterly

-          Ачнун (m) – east

Б

-          Байж (m) – five

-          Богащи (adj) – Bargazian
Болни - fast

-          Бюн (m) – wind

Г

-          Гаха (f) – harvest

-          Гахинал (m) – Saturday

-          Гац (m) – cat

Д

-          Даужь (m) – nation, land

-          Дож (n) – zero

Ё

-          Ёшни (adj) – southern, southerly

-          Ёшун (m) – south

Ж

-          Жи – or

З

-          Задал (m) – sun

-          Занa/Зани (f, adj) – new
Закли (adj) - good
Заклинад (interjection) - hello, greetings, welcome

-          Зведия (i) – Sweden

И

-          Иди (m) – eight, eighth (adj)

-          Идни (adj) – northern, northerly

-          Индун (m) – north

-          Инис (v) – to live, to inhabit

Ихнас (v) - to go

     К

-          Киври (adj) - black
Корцька (f) – potato

-          Кьни (adj) – first

-          Кьньнал (m) – Monday

Л

-          Льжни (i) – moon, lunar (adj)

-          Лин (m) – man, person

-          Линьндар (i) – political party

М

-          Мизида (m) – northwest

-          Мизиёш (m) – southwest

-          Мизни (adj) – western, westerly

-          Мизун (m) – west

Н

-          Нал (m) – day

-          Налин (i) – everyman, layman

-          Нейи (adj) – second, next

-          Нейьнал (m) – Tuesday

-          Нел – not

-          Ния (m) – nine

-           Кли (adj) – all

-          Нун (m) – ten

-          Нур – no

П

-          Пащис (v) – to speak, to say

Р

-          Росая (i) – Russia

-          Росщи (adj) – Russian
Рухли (adj) - dark green

С

-          Сау (m) – seven

-          Сит (m) – six
Сони (adj) - yellow

Т

-          Тен (indec) - most
Тил (m) – four

-          Трай (m) – three

У

-          Убли (adj) - blue
Уста (i) - white (noun)
Усти (adj) – white

-          Устроса (i) – Belarus

Ф

-          Фронса (i) – France

-          Фьндаужа (i) – Finland

Х

-          Хлоз (m) – dog

Џ

-          Џугащи (adj) – Chinese

-          Џугка (i) – China

Ь

-          Ьн (m) – one

-          Ьм – and
Ьрни (adj) - red

Я

-          Ян – yes
     
       It is worth noting that stress is important in distinguishing between certain phrases - for example, "Kyni nal", meaning "first day", and "Kynynal", meaning "Monday". In the first phrase, the stress is on the "i", but in the second, and in most uses of "kyni", on the first "y".

2.2: Articles and pronouns

2.2.1: Interrogative/demonstrative article & adjectival declension

The main interrogative/demonstrative articles are: 

-          Ги = what/who/that/it

-          Гени = when/then

-          Гети = where/there

-          Гуй = how (indeclinable)

For these articles (and all other adjectives), the declension pattern is:

	Masc	Fem	Neut	Irreg	Plural
NOM	-и	-а	-о	-у	-и
ACC	-ей	-а	-ей	-у	-и
GEN/DAT	-а	-о	-ей	-ай	-ин

2.2.2: Pronouns

	1st sing.	2nd sing.	3rd sing.				1st plu.	2nd plu.	3rd plu.
			Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Irreg.			An.	Inan.
NOM	О	Ча	На	Ха	Хе	Гю	Ла	Ба	Нёй	Хёй
ACC	Мёй	Чуй	Нуй	Хи	Хяй	Гёй	Ле	Бе	Няй	Хяй
GEN/DAT	Ма	Чё	Нё	Ха	Хе	Ган	Лен	Бен	Нан	Хан

Possessive pronouns/adjectives:

-           Мени – my, mine

-           Чери – your, yours (sing.)

-           Нени – his

-           Хани – her, hers

-           Хини – its

-           Лани – our, ours

-           Бани – your, yours (plu.)

-           Нуни – their, theirs (both animate and inanimate)
     For irregular nouns the genitive form of “cse” is used instead.

3: Verbs

3.1: Verb infinitive endings

There are three infinitive endings for verbs: “-as”, “-is” and “-os”. In all of these, the “s” becomes a “z” sound when pronounced. “-is” verbs can sometimes become “-ys” instead, but take the same pattern in conjugation.

In some instances, where the subject can be distinguished solely from the conjugation, the pronoun can be omitted.

3.2: Verb conjugations

3.2.1: “-as” verbs conjugation

Poczas (Поџас) /poʤaz/ = to draw

	Present	Past	Future	Past conditional	Future conditional
О	Поџай	Поџи	Поџа	Поџия	Поџая
Ча	Поџау	Поџи	Поџо	Поџию	Поџою
Ге	Поџай	Поџей	Поџу	Поџея	Поџею
Ла	Поџам	Поџей	Поџа	Поџея	Поџая
Ба	Поџа	Поџи	Поџа	Поџия	Поџая
Нёй	Поџа	Поџей	Поџа	Поџея	Поџая

3.2.2: “-os” verbs conjugation

Udos (Удос) /udoz/ = to ask

	Present	Past	Future	Past conditional	Future conditional
О	Удой	Уди	Уда	Удиё	Удеё
Ча	Удо	Уди	Уду	Удию	Удаю
Ге	Удо	Удай	Уде	Удоё	Удею
Ла	Удом	Удай	Уда	Удоё	Удеё
Ба	Удон	Уди	Уда	Удиё	Удеё
Нёй	Удой	Удай	Уда	Удоё	Удеё

3.2.3: “-is” verbs conjugation

Atris (Атрис) /atriz/ = to see

	Present	Past	Future	Past conditional	Future conditional
О	Атри	Атра	Атрей	Атрия	Атрая
Ча	Атру	Атра	Атро	Атрию	Атрою
Ге	Атри	Атрай	Атру	Атрея	Атрею
Ла	Атрим	Атрай	Атрей	Атрея	Атрая
Ба	Атрин	Атра	Атрей	Атрия	Атрая
Нёй	Атри	Атрай	Атрей	Атрея	Атрая

3.2.4: The predicate

When forming the predicate verb (“to be”), a number of different process are taken. These are shown in the chart below.

Tense	Formation	Example	Meaning
Present	Subject + object both in nominative	О напоџлин	I am a painter/illustrator
Past	Subject in nominative + object in accusative	О напоџлине	I was a painter/illustrator
Future	Subject in nom + “to” + object in dat/gen	О у напоџлина	I will be a painter/illustrator
Past conditional	Subject in nom + “from” + object in dat/gen	О ай напоџлина	I would have been a painter/illustrator
Future conditional	Subject in nom + “to” + object in acc	О у напоџлине	I would be a painter/illustrator

3.2.5: Adverbs

All adverbs take the same stem as their corresponding adjectives, and are inflected in the nominative adjectival form (gender depends on the gender of the subject noun), followed by the ending “-ш”.

In the use of superlatives, "-ш" becomes "-са" and for the hyperlative ("-est"), the article "Тен", meaning "most", precedes the adverb.

4: Prepositions

	ACC	DAT/GEN
Ай (Aj)		From*
У (U)		To**
Ем (Em)	With
Аз (Az)		Across
Па (Pa)	For
Ну (Nu)	In	On
Неж (Neź)	Behind	Under
Нею (Neju)	Before	In front of

*” Of” with the dative case

**”To” with the genitive case