Saturday 23 January 2016

Qodiḋecžex language




B b
/b/
P p
/p/
C c
/ʃ/
Q q
/q/
D d
/d/
R r
/r/
Ḋ ḋ
/gɣ/
Ṙ ṙ
/ʁ/
G g
/g/
S s
/s/
Ġ ġ
/ɢ/
Š š
/ɧ/
Ǧ ǧ
/ɣ/
Ṡ ṡ
/**/
J j
/ʒ/
T t
/t/
Ĵ ĵ
/ɟ/
Ṫ ṫ
/kx/
K k
/k/
X x
/x/
Ļ ļ
/l/
Ẋ ẋ
/χ/
L l
/ɺ/
Y y
/j/
M m
/m/
Z z
/z/
N n
/n/
Ž ž
/ɧ/*
Ň ň
/ŋ/
Ż ż
/**/
Ņ ņ
/ɴ/
Qẋ qẋ
/qχ/
Ñ ñ
/ɲ/
Ġṙ ġṙ
/ɢʁ/

All consonants have ejective forms, shown by a comma after the letter.

*Voiced form of /ɧ/.

**"ṡ" pronounced by making normal "s" sound while rolling the tongue. "Ż" is the voiced form of this.

A a
/a/
U u
/u/
I i
/i/
O o
/o/
E e
/e/
W w
/ɞ/

There are eight tones applicable to these vowels:

˧ (Middle tone)
A a
E e
I i
O o
U u
W w
˥˩ (Falling tone)
À à
È è
Ì ì
Ò ò
Ù ù
Ẁ ẁ
˨˦ (High rising tone)
Á á
É é
Í í
Ó ó
Ú ú
Ẃ ẃ
˥ (High tone)
Ā ā
Ē ē
Ī ī
Ō ō
Ū ū
W̄ w̄
˩ (Low tone)
Ạ ạ
Ẹ ẹ
Ị ị
Ọ ọ
Ụ ụ
Ẉ ẉ
˥˩˦ (Curving tone)
Ă ă
Ĕ ĕ
Ĭ ĭ
Ŏ ŏ
Ŭ ŭ
W̌ w̌
˩˩˧ (Middle rising tone)
Ä ä
Ë ë
Ï ï
Ö ö
Ü ü
Ẅ ẅ
Stress on consonant
Ⱥ ⱥ
Ɇ ɇ
Ɨ ɨ
Ø ø
Ʉ ʉ
W̊ ẘ

Cases of noun

There are four cases of nouns:

-          Agent/Nominative: Equivalent to the subject noun.

-          Action/Verbal: Equivalent to the verb, although not treated as such, since the rules applying to nouns apply to these as well, and these can be used with any other noun case

-          First patient/Accusative: Equivalent to the direct object.

-          Second patient/Comitative: Equivalent to either another direct object (“I held the coin and the cup), or the indirect object. It can also be used as an adjective for the first patient, or an adverb for the action.

Agent nouns take the high rising tone, actions take the falling tone, first patient nouns take the high tone and second patient nouns take the middle tone. Due to this, any sentence structure is possible, which is influential to changing the meaning of action and agent nouns (this will be discussed later on).

Agglutinative nouns

To show one noun is “inside” another, the noun “inside” comes before the surrounding noun, and both take the same tone.

To show one noun is “on the subject of” another, the same process applies, but the final syllable takes the stress on the consonant rather than the vowel.

With action nouns, the “inside” nouns are equivalent to “with” or “using”.

With second patient nouns, the “inside” noun means “of” or “from”, and the “about” (“on the subject of”) mean “to”.

Adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives applying to the agent nouns take the curving tone – adverbs and adjectives applying to patient nouns take the second patient nouns, or, if the second patient needs to be distinguished from an adjective, they take the middle rising tone.

Sentence structure

The number “2” refers to the second patient, “O” refers to the first patient.

Ōdē cèt yá = Dog-AGENT killed cat-1.PATIENT



Literal trans.
Correct trans.
SVO
Ōdē cèt yá
Dog killed cat
The dog killed the cat
SOV
Ōdē yá cèt
Dog cat killed
The dog injuired the cat
VSO
Cèt ōdē yá
Killed dog cat
The dog did not kill the cat
VOS
Cèt yá ōdē
Killed cat dog
The dog did not injur the cat
OSV
Yá ōdē cèt
Cat killed dog
The dog destroyed/removed the cat
OVS
Yá cèt ōdē
Cat dog killed
The dog did not destroy/remove the cat