B b
|
/b/
|
P p
|
/p/
|
C c
|
/ʃ/
|
Q q
|
/q/
|
D d
|
/d/
|
R r
|
/r/
|
Ḋ ḋ
|
/gɣ/
|
Ṙ ṙ
|
/ʁ/
|
G g
|
/g/
|
S s
|
/s/
|
Ġ ġ
|
/ɢ/
|
Š š
|
/ɧ/
|
Ǧ ǧ
|
/ɣ/
|
Ṡ ṡ
|
/**/
|
J j
|
/ʒ/
|
T t
|
/t/
|
Ĵ ĵ
|
/ɟ/
|
Ṫ ṫ
|
/kx/
|
K k
|
/k/
|
X x
|
/x/
|
Ļ ļ
|
/l/
|
Ẋ ẋ
|
/χ/
|
L l
|
/ɺ/
|
Y y
|
/j/
|
M m
|
/m/
|
Z z
|
/z/
|
N n
|
/n/
|
Ž ž
|
/ɧ/*
|
Ň ň
|
/ŋ/
|
Ż ż
|
/**/
|
Ņ ņ
|
/ɴ/
|
Qẋ qẋ
|
/qχ/
|
Ñ ñ
|
/ɲ/
|
Ġṙ ġṙ
|
/ɢʁ/
|
All consonants have ejective forms, shown by a comma after
the letter.
*Voiced
form of /ɧ/.
**"ṡ" pronounced by making normal "s" sound while rolling the tongue. "Ż" is the voiced form of this.
**"ṡ" pronounced by making normal "s" sound while rolling the tongue. "Ż" is the voiced form of this.
A a
|
/a/
|
U u
|
/u/
|
I i
|
/i/
|
O o
|
/o/
|
E e
|
/e/
|
W w
|
/ɞ/
|
There are eight tones applicable to these vowels:
˧ (Middle tone)
|
A a
|
E e
|
I i
|
O o
|
U u
|
W w
|
˥˩ (Falling tone)
|
À à
|
È è
|
Ì ì
|
Ò ò
|
Ù ù
|
Ẁ ẁ
|
˨˦ (High rising tone)
|
Á á
|
É é
|
Í í
|
Ó ó
|
Ú ú
|
Ẃ ẃ
|
˥ (High tone)
|
Ā ā
|
Ē ē
|
Ī ī
|
Ō ō
|
Ū ū
|
W̄ w̄
|
˩ (Low tone)
|
Ạ ạ
|
Ẹ ẹ
|
Ị ị
|
Ọ ọ
|
Ụ ụ
|
Ẉ ẉ
|
˥˩˦ (Curving tone)
|
Ă ă
|
Ĕ ĕ
|
Ĭ ĭ
|
Ŏ ŏ
|
Ŭ ŭ
|
W̌ w̌
|
˩˩˧ (Middle rising tone)
|
Ä ä
|
Ë ë
|
Ï ï
|
Ö ö
|
Ü ü
|
Ẅ ẅ
|
Stress on consonant
|
Ⱥ ⱥ
|
Ɇ ɇ
|
Ɨ ɨ
|
Ø ø
|
Ʉ ʉ
|
W̊ ẘ
|
Cases of noun
There are four cases of nouns:
-
Agent/Nominative:
Equivalent to the subject noun.
-
Action/Verbal:
Equivalent to the verb, although not treated as such, since the rules applying
to nouns apply to these as well, and these can be used with any other noun case
-
First
patient/Accusative: Equivalent to the direct object.
-
Second
patient/Comitative: Equivalent to either another direct object (“I held the
coin and the cup), or the indirect
object. It can also be used as an adjective for the first patient, or an adverb
for the action.
Agent nouns take the high rising tone, actions take the
falling tone, first patient nouns take the high tone and second patient nouns
take the middle tone. Due to this, any sentence structure is possible, which is
influential to changing the meaning of action and agent nouns (this will be
discussed later on).
Agglutinative
nouns
To show one noun is “inside” another, the noun “inside”
comes before the surrounding noun, and both take the same tone.
To show one noun is “on the subject of” another, the same
process applies, but the final syllable takes the stress on the consonant
rather than the vowel.
With action nouns, the “inside” nouns are equivalent to
“with” or “using”.
With second patient nouns, the “inside” noun means “of” or
“from”, and the “about” (“on the subject of”) mean “to”.
Adjectives and
adverbs
Adjectives applying to the agent nouns take the curving tone
– adverbs and adjectives applying to patient nouns take the second patient
nouns, or, if the second patient needs to be distinguished from an adjective,
they take the middle rising tone.
Sentence structure
The number “2” refers to the second patient, “O” refers to
the first patient.
Ōdē cèt yá = Dog-AGENT killed cat-1.PATIENT
Literal trans.
|
Correct trans.
|
||
SVO
|
Ōdē cèt yá
|
Dog killed cat
|
The dog killed the cat
|
SOV
|
Ōdē yá cèt
|
Dog cat killed
|
The dog injuired the cat
|
VSO
|
Cèt ōdē yá
|
Killed dog cat
|
The dog did not kill the cat
|
VOS
|
Cèt yá ōdē
|
Killed cat dog
|
The dog did not injur the cat
|
OSV
|
Yá ōdē cèt
|
Cat killed dog
|
The dog destroyed/removed the cat
|
OVS
|
Yá cèt ōdē
|
Cat dog killed
|
The dog did not destroy/remove the cat
|
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