Orthography
The orthography is generally identical to the way it would
be read by an English speaker, with the following exceptions (and a few common others, that will be
pointed out where they occur):
-
Sc – /ʃ/
-
C - /tʃ/
-
Ĕ - /ɞ/
-
R - /r/
-
Ch - /x/
-
A = /a/
-
E = /e/
-
I = /i/ (/j/ before vowel)
-
O = /o/
-
Eo = /ɛw/
-
U = /u/
Noun cases, types
and declension
There are masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, each of
which include both animate and inanimate nouns. Feminine nouns end in “-a” or
“-ia”, and neuter nouns end in “-o” or “-e”. Unlike most other Slavic
languages, the case system is somewhat small, with only nominative, accusative,
genitive (possessive, “of”) and dative (“to” or “for”) cases.
The examples given here are:
-
Masculine: Vescir – afternoon
-
Feminine: Svita – light
-
Neuter: Daro - road
|
Sing
|
Plu
|
Sing
|
Plu
|
Sing
|
Plu
|
Nom
|
Vescir
|
Vesciri
|
Svita
|
Sviti
|
Daro
|
Dara
|
Acc
|
Vescir1
|
Vesciri
|
Svitu
|
Sviti2
|
Daro
|
Dara3
|
Gen
|
Vescira
|
Vescire
|
Svitei
|
Svit
|
Dara
|
Dar
|
Dat
|
Vesciru
|
Vescirom
|
Svitĕ
|
Svitom
|
Daru
|
Darom
|
1For animate masculine nouns, this ending is “-a”
2For anim. nouns, this ending becomes “-e”
3For anim. nouns, this ending becomes “-i”
It should be noted that a few nouns, such as “lĕd”,
“person”, take the genitive singular as a “dual” plural, to mean “two of” a
quantity.
Adjective
declensions
Most adjectives end in “-ei” and follow this declension
pattern:
|
Masc
|
Fem
|
Neut
|
Plu
|
Nom
|
-ei
|
-ia
|
-io
|
-ii
|
Acc
|
-ei/-eo1
|
-iu
|
-io
|
-ii/-e2
|
Gen
|
-eo
|
-oi
|
-eo
|
-eis
|
Dat
|
-om
|
-oi
|
-om
|
-im
|
1For animate nouns
2For feminine and neuter animate nouns
A few adjectives, such as “iedn” (“one”, “single”), are
different:
|
Masc
|
Fem
|
Neut
|
Plu
|
Nom
|
-
|
-a
|
-o
|
-i
|
Acc
|
-/-ia
|
-u
|
-o
|
-i/-e
|
Gen
|
-ia
|
-oi
|
-ia
|
-eis
|
Dat
|
-iu
|
-oi
|
-iu
|
-om
|
The adverbial form of most adjectives simply replaces the
ending with “-ĕ”, and the comparative form usually ends in “-iei”.
Several words
-
Good – dobrei
-
To love – liĕb (perfective “oliĕb”)
-
To speak – ovor (perfective “sovor”)
-
All – selej
-
One – iedn (pronounced like “yen”, except with
endings)
-
Two – dvĕ
-
Three – dri
-
Four – ceiri
-
Five – piĕt
-
Six – sces
-
Seven – scem
-
Eight – viem
-
Nine – dĕvisc
-
Ten – desc
-
What – cio (genitive “ceo”, dative “com”)
-
Who – cho (accusative/genitive “cheo”, dative
“chom”)
-
But, although - non
Articles
While there is no indefinite article, a sort of definite
article, with an English meaning somewhere between “the” and “this”, sometimes
appears – “z”, a short form of “zei”, which more often means “that”. “Z” is
declined almost identically to “iedn”, except that the genitive plural is
“zes”. To avoid confusion, most of the endings of “zei” beginning with an “i”
begin with an “ei” instead, e.g. “zeiu” rather than “ziu”, which otherwise is a
dative form of “z”.
Verbs
Verbs generally do not have a specific ending for an
infinitive, and are generally inflected thus:
|
Present
|
|
Past
|
1st sing (iĕ)
|
-u
|
Masc
|
-(a)*l
|
2nd sing (ti)
|
-isc/-esc
|
Fem
|
-la
|
3rd sing (on, na,
no)
|
-i
|
Neut
|
-le
|
1st plu (mi)
|
-im/-em
|
Plu
|
-li
|
2nd plu (vi)
|
-iste/-este
|
|
|
3rd plu (nie)
|
-ĕt/ut
|
|
|
*For the rare few verbs that already end in “l”, or
impossible consonant forms, such as “chot” (“to go”)
It should be mentioned that subject pronouns, when they are
used, come after the noun, but in the present form are generally only used to show an interrogative, questioning mood.
As with many Slavic languages, most verbs have a separate
form to show a complete, “perfective” actions – these usually begin in “o-” or
“s-“, but in some cases can take entirely different forms, such as “id” and
“chod”, both meaning “to go”.
The perfective present generally shows a future action, but
the perfective past is used to show a recent past action, similar to the
perfective in English or French.
Pronouns
|
I
|
You
(sing/informal)
|
He/it
|
She
|
We
|
You
|
They
|
Nom
|
Iĕ
|
Ti
|
On/No
|
Na
|
Mi
|
Vi
|
Nie
|
Acc
|
Menĕ
|
Tebĕ
|
Ieo
|
Eiu
|
Nĕs
|
Vĕs
|
Nis
|
Gen
|
Menĕ
|
Tebĕ
|
Ieo
|
Eiu
|
Nĕs
|
Vĕs
|
Nis
|
Dat
|
Meni
|
Tebi
|
Iom
|
Ei
|
Nom
|
Vom
|
Nim
|
Prepositions
-
U – “in, at” (+ gen) (“through, in” with periods
of time)
-
O (/oʔ/) – “from” (+ gen)
-
Ĕs (in older documents written “s”) – “out of”
(+gen)
-
Sem – “with” (+ acc)
-
Besc – “without” (+ gen)
-
Ĕv (in older documents written “v”)– “in”, “in
the time of”, “in the area of” (+acc), “into” (+dat)
-
Pre – “through” (+dat), “in the time of” (+gen)
-
Ob – “about” (+gen)
-
Priv – “before” (+acc)
-
Zav – “behind” (+acc)
-
Del – “for” (+ gen)
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