Orthography
Generally identical to English, except the following
characters:
-
a = /a/
-
đ = /ð or θ/
-
e = /ɛ/
-
i = /i/
-
j = /j/
-
o = /ɔ/
-
ss = /ʃ/
-
u = /u/
-
y = /ʏ/
Cases
There are five cases:
-
Nominative: subject of a verb
-
Accusative: direct object of a verb, or indirect
object accompanied by a static preposition (i.e. not one where the noun carries
out a motion)
-
Predicative: direct object of the verb “to be”,
which is often omitted
-
Lative: indirect object of a verb when
accompanied by a preposition of motion (i.e. “towards”, “out of”) – when
without a preposition simply means “to” the noun
-
Genitive: “of” a noun – although the genitive is
also affixed to the noun which is possessed or the subject of the preposition
“of”, e.g. “bussku azengs” – “book of questions”
Nouns are divided into two main classes, masculine (ending
in a consonant) and feminine (ending in a vowel). Some masculine nouns, such as
“froiđ” (“friend”), take a dual form, referring to two of the noun, in the
nominative and accusative, but this is replaced by the plural in most inanimate
nouns.
Masculine
declension
Sing
|
Dual
|
Plu
|
|
Nom
|
Froiđ
|
Froiđi
|
Froiđe
|
Acc
|
Froiđ
|
Froiđ
|
Froiđe
|
Pred
|
Froiđa
|
Froiđen
|
Froiđen
|
Lat
|
Froiđi
|
Froiđim
|
Froiđim
|
Gen
|
Froiđu
|
Froiđes
|
Froiđes
|
Feminine
declension
Ssesta – sister (generally younger sister)
Sing
|
Dual
|
Plu
|
|
Nom
|
Ssesta
|
Ssest
|
Ssest
|
Acc
|
Sseste
|
Ssesti
|
Ssesti
|
Pred
|
Sseste
|
Ssesten
|
Ssesten
|
Lat
|
Ssestet
|
Ssestim
|
Ssestim
|
Gen
|
Ssestu
|
Ssestes
|
Ssestes
|
Verb conjugation
Verb infinitives nearly all end in “-nt”, “-t” or “-d”:
-
Dafroid – to befriend
-
Dakynt – to understand
-
Asstet – to resit, relocate, resettle
-nt
|
Pres
|
Past
|
|
1st sing.
|
-n
|
Imperfect
|
Perfect
|
2nd sing.
|
-ts
|
-nen
|
-ten
|
3rd sing.
|
-net
|
-nden
|
-ten
|
1st plu.
|
-ne
|
Future
|
|
2nd plu.
|
-ne
|
Imperfect
|
Perfect
|
3rd plu.
|
-ne
|
-ns
|
-jen
|
Present adj.
|
-ng
|
-nseg
|
-jeng
|
-t
|
Pres
|
Past
|
|
1st sing.
|
-n
|
Imperfect
|
Perfect
|
2nd sing.
|
-ts
|
-nen
|
-đen
|
3rd sing.
|
-net
|
-ten
|
-den
|
1st plu.
|
-
|
Future
|
|
2nd plu.
|
-
|
Imperfect
|
Perfect
|
3rd plu.
|
-
|
-ns
|
-jen
|
Present adj.
|
-ng
|
-nseg
|
-jeng
|
-d
|
Pres
|
Past
|
|
1st sing.
|
- đen
|
Imperfect
|
Perfect
|
2nd sing.
|
-s
|
-nen
|
-ssen
|
3rd sing.
|
-đet
|
-nden
|
-ten
|
1st plu.
|
-te
|
Future
|
|
2nd plu.
|
-te
|
Imperfect
|
Perfect
|
3rd plu.
|
-te
|
-dz
|
-jen
|
Present adj.
|
-ng
|
-zeg
|
-jeng
|
Simple adjectives
Adjectives generally end in –g or –n, and are declined thus:
Masc
|
Fem
|
Plu/Dual
|
|
Nom
|
-g/-n
|
-ka/-na
|
-geje/-neje
|
Acc
|
-g/-n
|
-ke/-ne
|
-gi/-ni
|
Pred
|
-ga/-na
|
-ke/-ne
|
-gene/-nene
|
Lat
|
-ge/-ne
|
-kte/-t
|
-mi
|
Gen
|
-gu/-nu
|
-ku/-nu
|
-gs/-nss
|
Adjectives which do not decline this way generally have a separate feminine form, and are then
declined identically to a noun of their class.
Comparative & superlative
adjectives
Comparative adjectives, ending in “-er”, and superlatives,
ending in “-esser”, are declined very differently:
Masc
|
Fem
|
Plu/Dual
|
|
Nom
|
-er
|
-erta
|
-ere
|
Acc
|
-er
|
-erte
|
-eri
|
Pred
|
-era
|
-erte
|
-eren
|
Lat
|
-ere
|
-ertet
|
-erim
|
Gen
|
-eru
|
-ertu
|
-ers
|
Selection of
vocabulary
-
One – en, enna (f)
-
Two – đvan
-
Three – đrin
-
Four – frer
-
Five – fyn
-
Six – seja
-
Seven – sena
-
Eight – ade
-
Nine – nuje
-
Ten – tyn
-
Gist – to travel
-
Davent – to explore
-
Vent – to make a path
-
Glod – to play
-
Soint – to see
-
Prosoint – to read
-
Osent – to look at
-
Bruđ – brother
-
Jura – year
-
Suna – sun
-
Bussk – book
-
Sstet – to sit down
-
Ssyp – ship
-
Ut – in (acc), into (lat)
-
Ver – for (acc), to (lat)
-
Uyn – outside (acc), from (lat)
-
Đra – at,
beside (acc), through (lat)
-
On –
on (acc), onto (lat)
-
Ub – above (acc), up, over (lat)
-
Enner – under, below
-
Ny – not (before verb, after noun in predicate)
-
Ulend – island
-
Na – and
-
Vyđ – what
-
Vuj – who
-
Vyn – when
-
Vyr – where
-
Vend – wind
-
Essen - horse
Verb prefixes
Verbs are often prefixed to slightly alter their meaning:
-
Da- = make -,
-ify (akin to “be-“ in many English words)
-
A- = re-
-
Ab- = up-, out-, over- (abssesta – older sister,
abruđ – older brother for example)
-
O- = out-, on-
-
Pe- = by-
Predicative
articles
With the predicate, certain articles are used to mark
additional tenses:
-
On (+pred) - future imperfective
-
Ub (+pred) – future perfective
-
Ut (+pred) – past imperfective
-
Enner (+pred) – past perfective
When other cases are necessitated in a predicate, these
tenses take priority and so are used with their prepositions instead of the
predicative. However, if they occur in a tense other than the present, the
articles are used with the predicative form of “et” (article for “this”) and
then followed by the preposition + marked noun.
Pronouns
I
|
You
(inf., sing.)
|
He/it
|
She
|
We
|
You
(plu.)
|
They
|
|
N
|
Iss
|
Đu
|
Te
|
Je
|
Vin
|
U
|
Id
|
A
|
Ma
|
Đa
|
Ta
|
Ja
|
Ve
|
Ssa
|
Deja
|
P
|
Mi
|
Đi
|
Ta
|
Ja
|
Vi
|
Ssi
|
Dej
|
L
|
Me
|
Đe
|
To
|
Jo
|
Vit
|
Sse
|
Dit
|
G
|
Am
|
Đem
|
Tym
|
Jym
|
Vim
|
Um
|
Dem
|
Demonstrative adjectives:
-
Et (masc)/etla (fem) – this/here
-
Đet (masc)/ Đena (fem) – that/there
Possessive adjectives:
-
Mer – my
-
Đener – your
-
Tejer – his/its
-
Ajer – her
-
Aner – our
-
Ssener – your (plu.)
-
Iter - their
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