The language of the fictional Taklobak people, an isolated group living in the upper part of the Yablonovy Range, just east of Lake Baikal in Siberia. Their language is irregular compared to those of its neighbours, and a full grammatical study was not done until the 1930s. There are only around 8,000 extant speakers, scattered loosely around the region often among Russian, Buryat and Yakut-speaking communities
Orthography
А а
|
/a/
|
Й й
|
/j/
|
Т т
|
/t/
|
Б б
|
/b/
|
К к
|
/k/
|
Тт тт
|
/θ/
|
В в
|
/v/
|
Л л
|
/l/
|
У у
|
/u/
|
Г г
|
/g/
|
М м
|
/m/
|
Ф ф
|
/f/
|
Д д
|
/d/
|
Н н
|
/n/
|
Х х
|
/x/
|
Е е
|
/ε/
|
О о
|
/o/
|
Ц ц
|
/t͡s/
|
Ё ё
|
/jo/
|
П п
|
/p/
|
Ш ш
|
/ʃ/
|
З з
|
/z/
|
Р р
|
/r/
|
Ю ю
|
/ju/
|
И и
|
/i/
|
С с
|
/s/
|
Я я
|
/ja/
|
Noun cases
There are four noun cases in Taklobak, each of which appears
in the singular, plural and collective forms:
-
Nominative: The dictionary form, used for the
subject and direct object. It should be noted that Taklobak is SOV, so the
subject and direct object are usually right next to each other.
-
Perlative: refers to the prepositions “through”,
“to”, “across”, “over” and others
-
Adessive: refers to the prepositions “in”, “at”,
“on”, and sometimes “of”
-
Instrumental: “with”, “by way of”, “under”,
“next to”
For nouns there are three levels of plurality - singular, common plural and the collective plural, meaning "all" of that noun.
Although there are rarely
prepositions, there are some short adjectives that further detail locatives (of
course, these are rarely used)
There is no specific equivalent
to the verb “of”, however, equivalent prepositions and more often adjectives
can be used (for example, “in the sky over Berlin” is styled as “sky.per
Berlin.adj”). Adjectival forms of given names and places usually end in “-так”
or “-ттак”.
Some nouns such as names, when used in direct address, are ended in "-ац", or "-ец"/"-иц" depending on original ending. These are only used in the singular form however.
Some nouns such as names, when used in direct address, are ended in "-ац", or "-ец"/"-иц" depending on original ending. These are only used in the singular form however.
“-е” ending
declension
Example = Онге (cat)
Sing
|
Plu
|
Coll
|
|
Nom
|
онге
|
онгу
|
онг
|
Per
|
онга
|
онгау
|
онгатт
|
Ade
|
онгун
|
онгул
|
онги
|
Ins
|
онгет
|
онген
|
онгеш
|
Note that the ending “-йе” does not occur in any Taklobak
word.
Consonant ending
declension
Example = дет (mountain)
Sing
|
Plu
|
Coll
|
|
Nom
|
дет
|
дето
|
дете
|
Per
|
дету
|
детай
|
детад
|
Ade
|
дета
|
детой
|
детак
|
Ins
|
дети
|
детей
|
детеш
|
“-и/й” ending
declension
Some nouns also end in either “й” (after a vowel) or “и”. An
example of this would be “ошай” (village):
Sing
|
Plu
|
Coll
|
|
Nom
|
ошай
|
ошау
|
оша
|
Per
|
ошаё*
|
ошаёт*
|
ошате
|
Ade
|
ошайн
|
ошаюл*
|
ошайе*
|
Ins
|
ошайт
|
ошайк
|
ошайш
|
For those ending in “-и”, such as “кути” (“salmon”), the
endings with asterisks are changed:
-
Perlative singular: -о
-
Perlative plural: - от
-
Adessive plural: -ул
-
Adessive collective: -е
Adjective
declensions
Adjectives end in either “-ак” or “-як” in the nominative
singular – they are not inflected for class of noun but plurality and case:
Sing
|
Plu
|
Coll
|
|
Nom
|
-ак/- як
|
-ан/-ян
|
-ан/-ян
|
Per
|
-а/-я
|
-ау/-яу
|
-ат/-ят
|
Ade
|
-о/-ё
|
-ол/-ёл
|
-и/-й*
|
Ins
|
-е/-йе
|
-ен/-йен
|
-ен/-йен
|
It should be noted that the adjective always must follow the
noun.
Adverbs end in “-ой” (or “-ёй” with “–як”) but are very rare
due to extensive verb compounding.
*After vowels only
Compounded nouns
Like verbs, nouns are subject to extensive compounding to
the degree of including large locative phrases, such as “the cat on the wall”,
“татонге”.
-
In Taklobak, the Lena River is known as the
Northern Snake River
-
Taklobak.ins.sing, river.nom “Lena”
north.snake.river.nom call.3rd.plu
-
Таклобе, саше “Лйена” Есралосаше ротана
Here, “Есралосаше” is a compound of “ешак” (north), “ралзе”
(snake) and of course “саше” (river).
Possessive
pronouns & sentence order
The possessive with an object noun uses the indeclinable
article “та” before the noun, to show a possessive that corresponds with the
object conjugation on the verb at the end of the sentence.
For subject nouns, the following adjectives are used,
declined for plurality:
-
Плак = my, our
-
Ияк = your
-
Мак = his, her, its, their
Numerals 1-10
· 1 - Атяк
·
2 - Куяк
·
3 - Лисак
·
4 - Расак
·
5 - Ттутак
·
6 - Маяк
·
7 - Потак
·
8 - Пиртак
·
9 - Маситак
·
10 – Сюяк
Basic verb
conjugation
Infinitives all end in “-нг”, e.g. “котанг”, “to think”,
which is removed to form the following ending depending on the subject:
I
|
You
|
He/she
|
|
Singular
|
-п
|
-м
|
-з*
|
Paucal (“few”)
|
-ла
|
-ра
|
-шти
|
Plural (“many”)
|
-ба
|
-т
|
-на
|
Collective (“all”)
|
-пи
|
-ми
|
-к
|
*In the 3rd-person singular, if referring to an inanimate
subject, or one that is unknown, the ending “-аце” is used.
To form other tenses:
-
Future:
“-тт” follows the conjugated ending – for those that end in a consonant, the
previous vowel then followed by “-тт”
is used instead.
-
Past
imperfect: “-у” follows, replacing the vowel if it ends in one (those that end
in “-i” take the ending “-o”)
-
Past
perfect: “-“е” follows, replacing the vowel if it ends in one (thosethat
end in “-и” take the ending “-ар”)
-
Conditional:
“-ши” follows
Interrogative and
participle forms
With interrogatives, certain endings are added to the verb
after the subject conjugation:
-
“Who/what … about?” = “-аце”
-
“Where ….?” = “-ли”
-
“When …?” = “-лай”
-
“How … ?” = “-шеси”
-
“Do/did/will …? = “-ец”
The participle removes the infinitive ending and replaces it
with “-йнак”, e.g. “котайнак”, “thinking”.
Compounds and
objects
Object pronouns can be compounded into the verb, by putting
a noun ending, in the same fashion as the subject ending, before the actual
subject ending. If the object ending ends in a consonant, the last vowel in the
world is repeated after it. For example:
-
“кота-п-ап” = I think about myself
-
“кота-ба-к” = They think about us
The only exception is for when the subject ending after the
object is the 3rd person paucal, in which case the subject ending becomes “-ш”
In a similar way, modal verbs can be added, for example “котаханг”
= “to be able to think”, and even more complex objects can be integrated into
the verb, for example “оякотанг” = “to think of something new”.
As a result, these words can easily encompass full
sentences, for example “A few of us put the cat on the table”, “онкулторахтала”
(“онк-у-лто-рах-тала”, “cat-to-put-table-we few”)
Common words
-
Green = хенак
-
Blue = озунак
-
Yellow = ттняк
-
Red = сабтак
-
Blood = сабиш
-
Bear = русук
-
Tiger = хашонг
-
Mother = мал
-
Father = рал
-
Sister = малитт
-
Brother = ралитт
-
Sun = тушкте
-
Moon = оломкте
-
Day = кёт
-
Night = онкёт
-
Dog = ярт
-
Tree = неци
-
Earth, soil = каз
-
Riverboat, canoe = шемац
-
To catch, to take = нанг
-
To give = ненанг
-
To be = анг (when the predicate is in the present form and both the subject and direct object are independent nouns, this can be omitted)
-
To eat = лунг
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