Itrurian language (leguha itrura)

Orthography

The orthography is nearly identical to English, save for the consonants listed below:

-          A = /a/ (“are”) before consonants, /ə/ (“under”) at end of syllables or words

-          C = /k/ always

-          Cj = /t͡ʃ/ (“chin”)

-          E = /ɪ/ (“bit”)

-          É = /e/ (“able”)

-          H = /j/ (“yolk”)

-          I = /i/ (“eat”)

-          J = /ʒ/ (“treasure”)

-          O = /ɔ/ (“or”)

-          Ó = /oʊ/ (“own”)

-          R = tapped “r” (as in Spanish) normally, trilled “r” in consonant clusters (e.g. dréh /drej/, “three”)

-          U = /u/ (“room”)

Cardinal numbers

-          1: ón, ona (f)

-          2: doh

-          3: dréh

-          4: cojar

-          5: cjan

-          6: séh

-          7: sa

-          8: ort

-          9: nant

-          10: décj

Declension of masculine and feminine nouns

Masculine nouns end in a consonant and take the following forms:

-          Nominative singular = -Ø

-          Nom. plural = -i

-          Gen. singular = -é

-          Gen. plural = -am (pronounced /əm/)

Feminine nouns end in “a” or (in a few cases) “i” and take the following forms:

-          Nom. singular = -a/-i

-          Nom. plural = -é/-ó

-          Gen. singular = -é/-ó

-          Gen. plural = -am (pronounced /əm/)

Given names take “-e” when being addressed in the singular, a survival of the vocative.

Prepositions

Nearly all prepositions take the nominative, but to form “to”, the preposition “on” (“sar”) goes with the genitive – e.g. “sar Rebécé” (to Rebecca) against “sar Rebéca” (on/over Rebecca). When the meaning can be accurately judged by context “sar” can be omitted. The preposition “da”, meaning “from”, is meant to take the nominative but some speakers use the genitive for this instead.

Adjectives

Adjectives have two forms – those ending in –é in the nominative (“verjé”, green) and those ending in “-n” (“prin”, first):

“-n”-ending	Masc	Fem	Plu
Nominative	Prin	Prina	Prini
Genitive	Priné	Priné	Prinem
“–é”-ending	Masc	Fem	Plu
Nominative	Verjé	Verja	Verji
Genitive	Verje	Verjé	Verjam

Adverbs end in “-eme” for both types.

Verbs

This language shuns verbs, using wherever it can adjectives and adverbs to replace them, however, some structures which are unavoidable all follow the same pattern.

(e.g. instead of “I go”, “I am in passage”)

Infinitive = -ra

Hó	-a
Tos	-es
Se/Sa/Sé	-o
Nó	-um
Vó	-at
Sent	-an

For the past tense, the infinitive is replaced with “-raré” and is inflected like an adjective, making a participle out of the verb.

For the future tense, the ending “-t” is added to the infinitive and the present endings after that. Conditionals follow the same patterns as their respective cases, but with “-ha” added on the end.

The verb “to be” is negated in the present tense, and pronouns can be removed from present verbs if the meaning can be understood.

-          Rocjé – red
 Selé - light blue
Mercjé - dark blue

-          Désin – second

-          Tersin – third

-          Cojarin – fourth

-          Inul – island (masc)

-          Cauta – cat

-          Caunéha – dog

-          Friét – brother

-          Soréta – sister

-          Nava – ship
Navelur - sailor (Naveli in feminine)

-          Bucara – mouth

-          Acuv – water
Arpa - tree

-          Sau – on

-          Septri – north

-          Merti – south

-          Oréti – east

-          Ocjéti - west